India-Pakistan Relations

India and Pakistan have had a long and tumultuous history since their independence in 1947. The two countries have been in a state of perpetual conflict, with multiple wars, cross-border terrorism, and territorial disputes. Their animosity stems from historical, cultural, and religious differences and unresolved issues from the time of their partition. In this article, we will take a closer look at the history of India-Pakistan relations, major events that have shaped their ties, and the current state of their relationship.

1. The Partition of Subcontinent

The partition of the Subcontinent in 1947 resulted in the creation of two independent countries – India and Pakistan. The partition was a result of the Indian independence movement and the demand for a separate Muslim state. The partition was accompanied by widespread violence, with millions of people being uprooted from their homes, and communal riots leading to the deaths of over a million people. The partition of the Subcontinent in 1947 was a momentous event in the history of the Indian subcontinent. However, the partition was also accompanied by widespread violence, which had a devastating impact on the people of India and Pakistan.

Here are a few statistics that may differ from various trustworthy sources, but they can provide insights into the human cost of the partition.

a.    Over 14 million people were displaced

The partition of the Subcontinent led to the largest mass migration in human history, with over 14 million people being uprooted from their homes. Muslims in India migrated to Pakistan, while Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistan migrated to India. The migration was accompanied by widespread violence, with people being killed, raped, and robbed on both sides of the border.

b.    More than 1 million people died

The partition of the Subcontinent was marked by communal riots and violence, which led to the deaths of over a million people. The exact number of casualties is difficult to determine, as many deaths went unreported or were covered up. However, it is estimated that between 200,000 and 2 million people were killed during the partition.

c.    Women were disproportionately affected

Women were disproportionately affected by the partition, as they were often the targets of sexual violence and abduction. Many women were killed or committed suicide to avoid being raped or abducted. The exact number of women who suffered during the partition is unknown, but it is estimated that hundreds of thousands of women were affected.

d.    The economic impact was significant

The partition of the Subcontinent had a significant economic impact on the region, as businesses and industries were disrupted, and trade between the two countries was severely curtailed. The partition also led to the displacement of millions of people, who were forced to leave behind their homes, businesses, and possessions.

e.    The legacy of the partition is still felt today

The legacy of the partition is still felt today, as India and Pakistan continue to grapple with unresolved issues related to their shared history. The Kashmir dispute, which has been a major point of contention between the two countries since the partition, is still unresolved. The partition also led to the creation of millions of refugees, many of whom still live in hostile situations in both regions and face discrimination and economic marginalization.

In conclusion, the partition of the Subcontinent was an event associated with victory but that had a profound impact on the people of the Indian subcontinent. The violence and displacement that accompanied the partition had a devastating human toll, and the legacy of the partition is still condemned by Inda today. While millions of  Muslims who migrated to Pakistan during the partition feel a sense of happiness and fulfilment, some may have experienced trauma, loss, and displacement.

The partition of India in 1947 was a complex and tumultuous event that led to widespread violence, displacement, and loss of life. Millions of people were uprooted from their homes and forced to migrate to either India or Pakistan based on their religious identity. The decision to divide the country was driven by political, social, and religious factors, and it had far-reaching consequences that continue to shape the region’s history and politics.

It is important to acknowledge the diverse experiences and perspectives of the people affected by the partition, including Muslims who migrated to Pakistan. While millions of Muslims feel a sense of attachment and belong to their new home, some may have deep-rooted connections to the places and people they left behind. Additionally, many individuals and families may have suffered significant losses, both in terms of material possessions and loved ones.

Overall, the partition of India and the subsequent migration of Muslims to Pakistan is a complex and multi-layered historical event that cannot be reduced to simplistic generalizations. It is important to approach this topic with sensitivity, nuance, and a willingness to listen to diverse perspectives and experiences. Understanding the history of the partition is essential to understanding the complex relationship between India and Pakistan and the challenges that they continue to face.

Strained Ties Between India and Pakistan

India and Pakistan have had strained ties since their partition in 1947. The roots of the tension between the two nations lie in a combination of historical, political, and cultural factors.

One of the main causes of the strained ties between India and Pakistan is the Kashmir dispute. The partition of the subcontinent in 1947 left Kashmir as a disputed territory, with both India and Pakistan claiming it as their own. This dispute has led to several wars and military standoffs between the two countries and has created a deep sense of mistrust and animosity.

Another factor contributing to the strained relationship between India and Pakistan is the issue of cross-border terrorism. India has accused Pakistan of supporting and training terrorist groups that carry out attacks in India, while Pakistan denies the allegations and claims that India is supporting separatist movements in Pakistan.

Cultural and religious differences also play a role in the tension between the two countries. India is a predominantly Hindu country, while Pakistan is predominantly Muslim. This religious divide has led to a sense of mistrust and suspicion between the two countries.

Political differences and historical events also contribute to the strained ties between India and Pakistan. The two countries have had different approaches to governance and foreign policy, and have been involved in several conflicts, including the 1965 war, the 1971 war, the Kargil war, and the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

To improve their relationship, both India and Pakistan need to take steps towards resolving their differences. This includes addressing the Kashmir dispute through dialogue and negotiations and dealing firmly with cross-border terrorism. The international community can also play a role in facilitating talks and promoting peace between the two countries.

The Kashmir Dispute

The Kashmir dispute has been a major point of contention between India and Pakistan since the partition. Kashmir, a Muslim-majority state, was initially supposed to be part of Pakistan, but its ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh, acceded to India in 1947. This move led to the first India-Pakistan war in 1947-48, and the subsequent division of Kashmir into Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir, and Pakistan-administered Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The Kashmir dispute has been a long-standing issue between India and Pakistan and has been the cause of numerous conflicts and casualties. The dispute arose from the partition of India in 1947, and the question of which country the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir should accede to. Since then, the dispute has been the cause of multiple wars and has led to ongoing violence and instability in the region.

The first war between India and Pakistan in 1947-48, which was fought over the Kashmir issue, saw heavy casualties on both sides. The war resulted in the division of Kashmir into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, and Pakistan-administered Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The conflict over Kashmir continued, and in 1965, India and Pakistan fought another war over the issue, which lasted for a little over a month and resulted in heavy casualties on both sides.

The situation in Kashmir escalated again in the late 1980s when separatist militants in the region began an armed insurgency against Indian rule. The insurgency led to a significant increase in violence, with both militants and security forces of India being responsible for numerous human rights cases of abuse. According to the Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society, an estimated 70,000 people have been killed in the conflict in Kashmir since 1989.

In recent years, the situation in Kashmir has continued to be tense, with regular cross-border shelling and skirmishes between Indian and Pakistani forces. The Indian government’s decision to revoke the special status of Jammu and Kashmir in August 2019 and the subsequent lockdown and communication blackout in the region have further exacerbated the tensions.

The Kashmir dispute remains one of the most contentious issues between India and Pakistan and continues to be a major obstacle to improving their relationship. Despite various attempts at peace talks and confidence-building measures, a resolution to the dispute remains elusive. The ongoing conflict and violence in Kashmir have caused immense human suffering and have had a significant impact on the political, economic, and social life of the region.

The Line of Control

The Line of Control (LoC) is a military control line that divides the Indian-occupied and Pakistani-administered parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. The LoC is approximately 740 kilometres long and serves as the de facto border between India and Pakistan in the region.

Pakistan views the LoC as an unfinished agenda of the partition of India in 1947 and claims that the state of Jammu and Kashmir should have been a part of Pakistan, based on the Muslim majority in the region. Pakistan has long demanded a plebiscite, or a referendum, to determine the status of Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan has consistently stated that the resolution of the Kashmir issue is central to lasting peace between India and Pakistan.

Pakistan has frequently accused India of human rights violations in the Indian-occupied part of Jammu and Kashmir and has called for international intervention to address the issue. Pakistan also claims that India uses excessive force against civilians and has committed war crimes in the region.

Pakistan’s stance on the LoC is that it should be respected as a ceasefire line and that any violations should be dealt with diplomatically. Pakistan has called for an end to the use of force and the initiation of a dialogue between India and Pakistan to resolve the Kashmir issue and ensure lasting peace in the region.

In conclusion, the Line of Control is a military control line that serves as the de facto border between India and Pakistan in the disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan claims that Jammu and Kashmir should be a part of Pakistan and that the resolution of the Kashmir issue is central to lasting peace between India and Pakistan. Pakistan’s stance on the LoC is that it should be respected as a ceasefire line and that any violations should be dealt with diplomatically.

The 1965 War

The 1965 war between India and Pakistan was fought over the Kashmir issue. The war lasted for a little over a month and ended in a stalemate, with both sides claiming victory. The war saw heavy casualties and was marked by the use of tanks and heavy artillery. The 1965 war between India and Pakistan was one of the major military conflicts that took place between the two nations. The war was fought primarily over the Kashmir issue, which has been a major point of contention between India and Pakistan since the partition. The 1965 war began on August 5, 1965, when Indian forces invaded Pakistan through Wahga Border and then Pakistani troops crossed the ceasefire line and entered the Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir.

The war lasted for a little over a month and ended in a stalemate, with both India and Pakistan claiming victory. The war saw heavy casualties on both sides, with the Indian army reporting over 3,000 dead and 9,000 wounded, while the Pakistani army reported over 3,800 dead and 10,000 wounded.

The use of tanks and heavy artillery was a defining feature of the 1965 war. India’s army had over 800 tanks, while Pakistan had over 300 tanks. The war saw intense tank battles in the regions of Chawinda and Khem Karan. The Indian army lost 97 tanks, while Pakistan lost 80 tanks during the conflict.

The war also resulted in significant damage and losses. The Indian Air Force targeted several Pakistani cities, including Lahore, Sialkot, and Karachi, causing significant damage to civilian infrastructure. The Pakistani Air Force, in turn, targeted Indian cities such as Amritsar and Ferozepur. The conflict resulted in the displacement of over 500,000 people, as well as the loss of property and livelihoods.

The 1965 war had a significant impact on the relationship between India and Pakistan. The conflict further escalated the tensions between the two nations, and subsequent attempts to resolve the Kashmir issue through negotiations have been unsuccessful. The conflict also had a significant impact on the economy of both nations, with the cost of the war estimated to be over $1 billion.

In conclusion, the 1965 war between India and Pakistan was a major conflict that saw heavy casualties, damage, and losses on both sides. The use of tanks and heavy artillery was a defining feature of the war, and the conflict had a significant impact on the relationship between the two nations. The Kashmir issue remains unresolved to this day, and the conflict serves as a reminder of the need for peaceful resolution of territorial disputes between nations.

The 1971 War

The 1971 War between India and Pakistan was fought over the issue of East Pakistan, which eventually became Bangladesh. The war lasted for 13 days and saw the Indian military intervention in support of the Bangladesh liberation movement, which was opposed by the Pakistani army. The war resulted in heavy casualties and significant damage to infrastructure on both sides.

The war started in March 1971, following the general elections held in Pakistan in December 1970, which resulted in the victory of the Awami League, a political party that sought greater autonomy for East Pakistan. The Pakistani government, led by President Yahya Khan, refused to recognize the results of the elections and launched a military crackdown on East Pakistan. This led to a mass exodus of refugees into India, which strained India’s resources and led to increased tensions between India and Pakistan.

India officially entered the war on December 3, 1971, after Pakistan launched pre-emptive airstrikes on Indian airfields. The war saw the Indian military make significant gains in East Pakistan, with the Pakistani army surrendering on December 16, 1971. The war resulted in the creation of Bangladesh, and the signing of the Simla Agreement between India and Pakistan in 1972, which laid down the principles for the future resolution of the Kashmir dispute.

The war saw significant casualties on both sides, with estimates suggesting that up to three million people were killed, wounded or went missing. The war also resulted in significant damage to infrastructure, including the destruction of power plants, railways, and airports. The Pakistani navy was also severely damaged, with several of its ships being sunk by the Indian navy.

From Pakistan’s perspective, the 1971 War remains a deeply sensitive issue, with many Pakistanis seeing it as a betrayal by their military leaders. The war resulted in a loss of national pride and has had long-term consequences for the country’s political and economic development.

In conclusion, the 1971 War was a significant event in the history of India-Pakistan relations, which saw the creation of Bangladesh and the establishment of a framework for resolving the Kashmir dispute. The war resulted in significant casualties, damage, and losses on both sides, and its legacy continues to shape the relationship between India and Pakistan.

The Kargil War

The Kargil War of 1999 was another major conflict between India and Pakistan. India accuses the fight over the issue of infiltration into Indian territory by Pakistani soldiers. The war saw heavy casualties on both sides, and the Indian military was able to recapture the high-altitude peaks that had been captured by the Pakistani army. 

The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil Conflict, was a military conflict between India and Pakistan in 1999. The war was fought in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir, which is located along the Line of Control (LoC), the de facto border between the two countries. The conflict lasted for about two months and ended with a victory for India. Pakistanis blame the USA and then Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif for this defeat.

The Kargil War was an attempt to seize the strategic high-altitude peaks in Indian-occupied Kashmir. Pakistan had sent its troops across the LoC and occupied key positions in the Kargil sector. The Pakistani army believed that the move would give them a strategic advantage in the region and force India to negotiate a settlement on the Kashmir issue.

The Kargil War saw heavy fighting and casualties on both sides. The Indian army suffered over 500 casualties, including 255 killed in action. Pakistan’s casualties were estimated to be around 400 soldiers. The war also caused significant damage to the infrastructure and civilian population in the region.

India launched Operation Vijay in response to Pakistan’s incursion. The operation involved mobilizing over 200,000 troops, as well as heavy artillery and air support. The Indian military was able to recapture the high-altitude peaks, including the strategic Tiger Hill, and push the Pakistani army back across the LoC.

The Kargil War was a major turning point in India-Pakistan relations. It marked the first time that the two countries had fought a conventional war since the 1971 war. The conflict also highlighted the dangers of a nuclear war, as both India and Pakistan possess nuclear weapons.

It is worth noting that while Pakistan has acknowledged its role in the Kargil War, the conflict remains controversial and divisive within the country. Some Pakistanis view the conflict as a strategic and moral victory, while others criticize the military and political leadership for embarking on a risky and ill-conceived operation that resulted in heavy losses for Pakistani soldiers. The conflict also led to tensions and mistrust between the civilian government and the military establishment, with the then-civilian government accusing the military of overstepping its bounds and endangering Pakistan’s national security.

In conclusion, the Kargil War was a significant event in the history of India-Pakistan relations. From Pakistan’s point of view, the conflict was an attempt to seize the strategic high-altitude peaks in Indian-occupied Kashmir. The war saw heavy fighting and casualties on both sides, as well as significant damage to the infrastructure and civilian population in the region. The conflict highlighted the need for a peaceful resolution to the Kashmir issue and the dangers of a nuclear war between the two countries.

The Parliament Attack 2001

The 2001 Parliament Attack, also known as the 2001 Indian Parliament attack, was a terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in New Delhi that took place on December 13, 2001. The attack was carried out by five armed terrorists who were accused to belong to the Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM). The attackers managed to enter the Parliament building and open fire, killing nine people, including security personnel, before being killed themselves.

Pakistan denies any involvement in the attack and claims that it was a false flag operation carried out by the Indian government to defame Pakistan and discredit the Kashmiri freedom movement. Pakistan also denies any links to JeM and claims that the organization has no presence in Pakistan.

However, India provided some incomplete and dubious pieces of evidence to suggest that the attackers were trained and equipped by Pakistan’s intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and that the attack was carried out with the support of some elements within the Pakistani government. India also claims that JeM has training camps in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and that the organization has received support and funding from the Pakistani government.

The attack led to a major escalation in tensions between India and Pakistan, with both countries mobilizing their militaries and threatening war. The situation was eventually defused through diplomatic efforts, but the incident remains a major point of contention between the two countries.

In conclusion, while Pakistan denies any involvement in the 2001 Parliament Attack, India provided some incomplete and dubious pieces of evidence to suggest that the attackers were trained and equipped by Pakistan’s intelligence agency, the ISI and that the attack was carried out with the support of some elements within the Pakistani government. The attack led to a major escalation in tensions between the two countries and remains a contentious issue in India-Pakistan relations.

India responded by mobilizing its troops along the border with Pakistan, which led to a tense military standoff between the two countries. The situation was further escalated when the Indian Air Force conducted airstrikes against JeM training camps in Pakistan’s Balakot region in February 2019. The Pakistani Air Force retaliated by conducting airstrikes in Indian-occupied Kashmir, which resulted in the shooting down of an Indian fighter jet and the capture of an Indian Air Force pilot.

The Parliament attack and its aftermath had far-reaching consequences for the region, with tensions between India and Pakistan remaining high for several years. The attack also had a significant impact on the Indian government’s counterterrorism policies, leading to the passage of several new laws and measures to strengthen India’s security apparatus.

The Mumbai Attacks 2008

The 2008 Mumbai attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks in Mumbai, India. India accused these attacks were carried out by the Pakistan-based terrorist organization Lashkar-e-Taiba. The attacks resulted in the deaths of 166 people and strained the India-Pakistan relationship even further. The 2008 Mumbai attacks were a tragic incident that shook not only India but the entire world. The militants entered Mumbai via sea and carried out a series of coordinated attacks on various locations in the city, including the iconic Taj Mahal Palace hotel, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station, and a Jewish community centre.

The attacks which lasted for four days resulted in the deaths of 166 people and injured over 300. The attackers also took hostages, leading to a prolonged standoff with Indian security forces. The attacks were widely condemned by the international community, with several countries expressing their solidarity with India.

Pakistan condemned the attacks and expressed its condolences to the families of the victims. However, India blamed Pakistan for the attacks, alleging that the attackers had been trained and equipped by Lashkar-e-Taiba with the support of Pakistan’s intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI).

Pakistan denied the allegations and stated that it had no involvement in the attacks. However, India provided some vague and doubtful pieces of evidence of the involvement of Pakistani nationals in the attacks, leading to further strain in the India-Pakistan relationship. The incident also led to India suspending dialogue with Pakistan and increasing its military presence along the border. The attacks, which lasted for four days, targeted several high-profile locations, including hotels, a railway station, a hospital, and a Jewish centre. The attacks resulted in the deaths of 166 people, including 28 foreigners, and injured more than 300 others.

Pakistan has been accused of playing a role in the Mumbai attacks, with some claiming that Pakistani intelligence agencies were involved in planning and executing the attacks. However, Pakistan has consistently denied these allegations, stating that the attacks were the work of non-state actors.

Pakistan has claimed that it fully cooperated with Indian authorities during the investigation into the Mumbai attacks. Pakistan has also claimed that it arrested several individuals who were involved in the attacks and handed them over to India for trial. However, India has claimed that Pakistan’s cooperation during the investigation was insufficient and that the individuals arrested by Pakistan were not the main perpetrators of the attacks.

Pakistan has also claimed that India has used the Mumbai attacks to malign Pakistan and further its own political agenda. Pakistan has claimed that India has attempted to use the attacks to isolate Pakistan on the global stage and to divert attention from its own human rights abuses in Kashmir.

Pakistan has called for a joint investigation into the Mumbai attacks, claiming that such an investigation would reveal the truth about the attacks and put an end to the ongoing blame game between India and Pakistan. However, India has rejected Pakistan’s proposal, stating that Pakistan has failed to take action against the individuals and organizations responsible for the attacks.

Pakistan has also claimed that the Mumbai attacks were part of a larger conspiracy to destabilize Pakistan and weaken its military. Pakistan has claimed that the attacks were carried out by foreign intelligence agencies in an attempt to create chaos and instability in Pakistan.

The Mumbai attacks highlighted the growing threat of terrorism in the region and the need for greater cooperation between India and Pakistan to address the issue. Despite efforts by both countries to resume talks, the relationship between India and Pakistan remains tense, with terrorism continuing to be a major issue of concern. In conclusion, the claims made by Pakistan about the 2008 Mumbai attacks are controversial and have been met with scepticism by India and the international community. While Pakistan has denied any role in the attacks and has claimed to have cooperated fully with Indian authorities during the investigation, India has accused Pakistan of failing to take action against the individuals and organizations responsible for the attacks. The truth about the Mumbai attacks may never be fully known, but it is clear that the attacks have had a lasting impact on India-Pakistan relations and continue to be a major source of tension between the two countries.

The Surgical Strikes of 2016

In September 2016, on the intervening night of September 28 and 29, India conducted a series of surgical strikes across the Line of Control (LoC) in response to a terrorist attack on an Indian army base in Uri, which left 19 soldiers dead. Pakistan has made several claims regarding the Indian surgical strikes, including the number of casualties and the extent of the damage caused.

Pakistan claimed that the surgical strikes were a clear violation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Pakistani government denied that any such strikes had taken place and claimed that the Indian army had only engaged in cross-border firing, which had caused the death of two Pakistani soldiers.

However, India maintained that the surgical strikes had been carried out to destroy several terrorist launchpads and staging areas located in Pakistan-Adminstered Kashmir. According to Indian government officials, the strikes were carried out by specially trained commandos who had been dropped behind enemy lines by helicopters.

Pakistan has made conflicting claims about the damage caused by the surgical strikes. Initially, the Pakistani government claimed that the strikes had only caused minimal damage and that no terrorists had been killed. However, in a subsequent statement, Pakistan claimed that the Indian army had only managed to kill two of its soldiers and that there had been no significant damage to any terrorist camps or infrastructure.

In response to the surgical strikes, Pakistan launched a series of counterattacks, including a ceasefire violation in which several Indian soldiers were killed. The two countries were also engaged in a war of words, with both sides accusing the other of engaging in provocative actions and violating the ceasefire agreement.

The claims made by Pakistan regarding the surgical strikes remain a matter of controversy and dispute. While India has provided some dubious evidence of the strikes, including video footage and statements from military officials, Pakistan has maintained that no such strikes ever took place.

In conclusion, the claims made by Pakistan about the surgical strikes conducted by India in 2016 remain a matter of controversy and dispute. While Pakistan has denied the occurrence of the strikes and has made conflicting claims about the damage caused, India maintains that the strikes were carried out to destroy terrorist launchpads and staging areas located in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. The incident highlights the ongoing tensions between the two countries and the need for a peaceful resolution to the ongoing conflict.

Relations during Imran Khan Regime

Since assuming office in 2018, Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan made several attempts to improve relations with India. However, his efforts have been met with limited success due to the longstanding issues between the two countries, including the Kashmir dispute and cross-border terrorism.

One of the first moves made by the Khan government was to extend an invitation to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to attend his inauguration ceremony. However, Modi declined the invitation, citing prior commitments. Despite this setback, Khan remained optimistic about the possibility of improving relations with India.

In 2019, tensions between India and Pakistan escalated after a suicide bombing in the Indian-occupied region of Kashmir killed over 40 Indian security personnel. India accused Pakistan of being involved in the attack, a claim that Pakistan denied. This led to a military confrontation between the two countries, with India carrying out airstrikes on alleged terrorist camps in Pakistan and Pakistan responding by shooting down Indian fighter jets.

Following the escalation, Khan made several overtures towards India, including releasing an Indian pilot who had been captured during the military confrontation. He also called for dialogue between the two countries to resolve their differences. However, India remained sceptical about Pakistan’s commitment to tackling cross-border terrorism, and no substantive progress was made in improving relations.

Despite the setbacks, Khan continued to express his desire for peace and stability in the region. He called for the resumption of talks between India and Pakistan, stressing that dialogue is the only way to resolve the longstanding issues between the two countries. However, the decision by the Indian government to revoke the special status of Jammu and Kashmir in 2019 further strained relations between the two countries.

In conclusion, while Imran Khan’s regime has made efforts to improve relations with India, the longstanding issues between the two countries have proven difficult to overcome. It remains to be seen whether the two sides will be able to find a way to resolve their differences and build a more stable relationship.

Kashmir Sovereignty Ruined by India

In August 2019, the Indian government passed a controversial law that revoked the special autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir, a region that has been a point of contention between India and Pakistan for decades. The move was met with widespread protests and criticism, both within India and internationally.

The state of Jammu and Kashmir had been granted special status under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, which gave it a significant degree of autonomy and allowed it to have its own constitution, flag, and control over certain aspects of governance. However, the Indian government argued that the special status had led to the region’s underdevelopment and that revoking it would help bring in economic development and end the threat of terrorism.

The move was widely criticized by the people of Jammu and Kashmir, who saw it as a violation of their rights and an attempt by the Indian government to further suppress the region’s Muslim-majority population. The decision also triggered a heavy security clampdown in the region, with a massive deployment of troops and a communications blackout that lasted for months.

Pakistan strongly condemned the Indian government’s move, with its Prime Minister Imran Khan describing it as a “historic blunder” that would have serious repercussions for the region. The Pakistani government also suspended diplomatic and trade ties with India and raised the issue at the international level.

The Indian government, on the other hand, defended its decision as a necessary step to integrate Jammu and Kashmir fully into the Indian union and ensure its development. The move was also supported by a significant section of the Indian population, who saw it as a bold and necessary step to end the region’s separatist movements.

Overall, the revocation of Jammu and Kashmir’s special status remains a contentious issue, with both India and Pakistan continuing to stake their claim to the region. The move has further escalated tensions between the two countries and raised concerns about the future stability of the region.

Imran Khan’s Stance About Kashmir Sovereignty

Imran Khan, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, has taken a strong stance on the ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. He has been vocal about his demands for the rights of the Kashmiri people and has called for an end to the Indian occupation of the region.

One of Imran Khan’s key demands has been for India to lift the curfew and communication blackout in Kashmir, which was imposed in August 2019 after India revoked the region’s autonomy. He has also called for an end to human rights violations in the region, including the use of pellet guns against protesters and the detention of political leaders and activists.

In September 2019, Imran Khan addressed the United Nations General Assembly and urged the international community to take action on the Kashmir issue. He accused India of carrying out “war crimes” in the region and of using “Islamophobia” to justify its actions. He also warned that the situation could lead to a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.

Imran Khan’s government has also taken several diplomatic measures to raise awareness about the Kashmir issue. This includes sending a letter to the United Nations Secretary-General and organizing a Kashmir solidarity day on February 5, 2021. In addition, Pakistan has suspended bilateral trade with India and downgraded diplomatic ties in response to India’s actions in Kashmir.

Despite Imran Khan’s efforts, there has been no resolution to the conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. The two countries continue to engage in cross-border skirmishes and occasional military standoffs, with the Kashmir dispute at the core of their conflict. It remains to be seen whether Imran Khan’s efforts will lead to any significant progress in resolving this long-standing issue.

OHCHR Report: Update on the Situation of Human Rights in Indian-Administered Kashmir and Pakistan-Administered Kashmir from May 2018 to April 2019

On July 8th, 2019, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) published a report on the human rights situation in the region of Kashmir. The report covered the period of May 2018 to April 2019 and was based on information obtained through remote monitoring, interviews, and official documents.

The report stated that there have been allegations of widespread human rights violations in Kashmir, including excessive use of force by security forces, arbitrary detention and torture, enforced disappearances, and sexual violence. The OHCHR also expressed concern over the use of pellet-firing shotguns by security forces, which have caused numerous injuries and even blindness among protestors and bystanders.

The report also noted the impact of the ongoing armed conflict on civilians in the region, including restrictions on freedom of expression and peaceful assembly, as well as access to healthcare and education. The OHCHR urged the Indian government to ensure that human rights are respected in the region and called for an end to the use of excessive force by security forces.

The report also raised concerns about the situation on the Pakistani side of the Line of Control, including restrictions on freedom of expression and the use of military courts to try civilians. The OHCHR called on both India and Pakistan to allow access to the region by international human rights organizations.

The OHCHR report concluded with a call for an international, impartial, and independent investigation into the human rights situation in Kashmir. The report was met with mixed reactions, with some praising the OHCHR for shedding light on the situation in the region, while others criticized the report for its alleged bias against India.

Water and Control over Rivers: A Historical View

Water is a vital resource for human survival, and control over water resources has been a contentious issue throughout history. In the case of Pakistan, control over rivers has been a significant point of contention with India since the partition in 1947. The Indus River System is one of the largest and most significant rivers in the region, and it is the primary source of water for agriculture, energy production, and drinking water for millions of people in Pakistan.

Historically, the British Raj had control over the water resources of the Indus River System, and Pakistan inherited the irrigation network at the time of partition. However, the source of the Indus River is in India, and India has control over the majority of its tributaries. The Indus Water Treaty was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, which gave Pakistan exclusive rights to the waters of the three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab), and India was given the exclusive rights to the waters of the three eastern rivers (Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi).

The Indus Water Treaty has been a significant point of contention between India and Pakistan, with both countries accusing each other of violating the treaty. Pakistan has accused India of building dams on the western rivers, which has reduced the flow of water downstream. India, on the other hand, has accused Pakistan of misusing the water it receives from the Indus River System for irrigation, instead of using it for drinking water and energy production.

The issue of water resources is crucial for Pakistan, as it is an agriculture-based economy, and its agricultural sector is heavily dependent on water. The country has also been facing a severe water shortage, and the scarcity of water is only expected to increase in the future. Moreover, climate change has further exacerbated the situation, with rising temperatures leading to melting glaciers, which are a vital source of water for the region.

Pakistan has been advocating for the implementation of the Indus Water Treaty, and it has also been calling for the establishment of a permanent mechanism for dispute resolution between the two countries. Pakistan has also been calling for the World Bank, which played a crucial role in the signing of the Indus Water Treaty, to intervene and resolve the disputes between the two countries.

In conclusion, the control over water resources, especially the Indus River System, is a crucial issue between India and Pakistan. The issue has historical roots and has been a significant point of contention between the two countries. The implementation of the Indus Water Treaty and the establishment of a permanent mechanism for dispute resolution can go a long way in addressing the issue and moving towards a peaceful coexistence between the two countries.

The Current State of India-Pakistan Relations

The current state of India-Pakistan relations is tense, with both nations engaging in a continuous war of words and occasional cross-border skirmishes. The issues of cross-border terrorism, the Kashmir dispute, and territorial claims continue to strain their relationship. Despite occasional talks and attempts at reconciliation, the two countries have been unable to resolve their differences and move towards peaceful coexistence. The relationship between India and Pakistan has been fraught with tension and conflict since the two countries gained independence from British rule in 1947. The two countries have fought several wars and engaged in numerous military skirmishes over the years. The current state of their relationship is characterized by mistrust, suspicion, and occasional violence.

Under the regime of Prime Minister Imran Khan in Pakistan and Prime Minister Narendra Modi in India, there have been several attempts at dialogue and reconciliation, but none have borne fruit. Both leaders have expressed a desire to improve relations, but they remain constrained by domestic politics and a lack of trust in each other.

One of the main issues that continue to sour the relationship between the two countries is cross-border terrorism. India has accused Pakistan of supporting terrorist groups that operate in India, including the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad, and Hizbul Mujahideen. Pakistan, in turn, has accused India of supporting terrorist activities in Balochistan and other areas of Pakistan.

The Kashmir dispute remains another major sticking point in the relationship between the two countries. India and Pakistan both claim sovereignty over the region of Jammu and Kashmir, which has been the site of several wars and military skirmishes. India has maintained that the issue is a bilateral matter and has resisted international mediation, while Pakistan has sought international intervention to resolve the dispute.

Territorial claims and the construction of infrastructure along the border have also led to tensions between the two countries. In 2020, India and China engaged in a border standoff in the Ladakh region, which further complicated India’s relationship with Pakistan.

Despite the numerous challenges, there have been occasional attempts at dialogue and reconciliation. In 2019, the two countries agreed to open a visa-free corridor for Indian and Pakistani Sikh pilgrims to visit a shrine in Pakistan. In 2021, there was a brief ceasefire along the Line of Control in Kashmir, which was seen as a positive development.

In conclusion, the relationship between India and Pakistan remains fraught with tension, mistrust, and occasional violence. The issues of cross-border terrorism, the Kashmir dispute, and territorial claims continue to strain their relationship. While there have been occasional attempts at dialogue and reconciliation, the two countries have been unable to resolve their differences and move towards peaceful coexistence.

UN Steps to Resolve the Conflict

The United Nations has played a role in trying to reduce tensions between India and Pakistan over the years. Some of the steps taken by the UN include:

1. Mediation: The UN has offered to mediate between India and Pakistan to help resolve their differences. However, both countries have not always been willing to accept such mediation, and it has not always been effective.
2. Peacekeeping: The UN has deployed peacekeeping forces in the disputed region of Kashmir to monitor the ceasefire between India and Pakistan. The United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has been in place since 1949 to help monitor the ceasefire line in Jammu and Kashmir.
3. Diplomacy: The UN has also encouraged both countries to engage in diplomatic efforts to resolve their differences. The UN Secretary-General has met with leaders of both India and Pakistan to discuss the situation and encourage them to resume dialogue.
4. Humanitarian aid: The UN has provided humanitarian aid to those affected by conflicts between India and Pakistan, including refugees and victims of natural disasters.
5. Conflict prevention: The UN has also worked to prevent conflicts from escalating by monitoring the situation on the ground and reporting on any incidents that could lead to an escalation of tensions.

While the UN has played a role in trying to reduce tensions between India and Pakistan, the underlying issues and historical grievances between the two countries continue to be a major obstacle to lasting peace.

Joint Efforts to Improve Relations

Pakistan and India have jointly taken several steps over the years to improve their relations with Pakistan. Some of these steps include:

1. The initiation of the Composite Dialogue: In 1997, India and Pakistan initiated the Composite Dialogue, a structured mechanism for talks aimed at resolving all outstanding issues between the two countries, including the issue of Jammu and Kashmir.
2. The Lahore Declaration: In 1999, India and Pakistan signed the Lahore Declaration, in which they committed to resolving all issues, including the Kashmir dispute, through peaceful means.
3. The Agra Summit: In 2001, India and Pakistan held the Agra Summit, a high-level meeting between then-Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and then-Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf. Although the summit did not result in a breakthrough, it was seen as a significant step in the peace process.
4. The resumption of the Composite Dialogue: In 2004, India and Pakistan resumed the Composite Dialogue after a hiatus of three years. The talks covered a range of issues, including peace and security, Jammu and Kashmir, and trade and economic cooperation.
5. The opening of the Wagah-Attari border: In 2005, India and Pakistan opened the Wagah-Attari border crossing for trade and transit, a move that was seen as a significant step towards improving economic ties between the two countries.
6. The backchannel talks: In 2010, it was revealed that India and Pakistan had been engaging in backchannel talks for several years aimed at resolving the Kashmir issue. The talks were seen as a significant development, as they provided a way for the two countries to explore potential solutions to the long-standing dispute.

Despite these efforts, India-Pakistan relations have remained strained, with frequent incidents of cross-border violence and terrorism. However, the fact that both countries have continued to engage with each other over the years is a positive sign and offers hope that the two countries may eventually be able to resolve their differences and build a peaceful and cooperative relationship.

The Way Forward

To move towards peaceful coexistence, both India and Pakistan need to take steps towards resolving their differences. The Kashmir dispute needs to be addressed through dialogue and negotiations, and cross-border terrorism needs to be dealt with firmly by both countries. The international community can play a role in facilitating talks between the two countries and in ensuring that there is no escalation of tensions along the border. India and Pakistan have a long-standing history of conflict, and the resolution of the Kashmir dispute has been a major point of contention between the two nations. Both countries have been engaged in a continuous war of words, and occasional cross-border skirmishes have led to the loss of lives and property.

To move towards peaceful coexistence, both India and Pakistan need to take steps towards resolving their differences. The following are some of the ways that can help in resolving the conflict:

1. Address the Kashmir Dispute Through Dialogue and Negotiations: The Kashmir dispute has been a major point of contention between India and Pakistan since the partition. Both countries claim the territory, and the dispute has led to several wars and conflicts between them. The issue needs to be addressed through dialogue and negotiations. Both countries need to work towards finding a mutually acceptable solution to the issue.
2. Deal with Cross-Border Terrorism: Cross-border terrorism has been a major issue between India and Pakistan. Pakistan has been accused of supporting terrorist organizations that carry out attacks in India. Pakistan needs to take strong measures to deal with terrorism if it is emanating from its soil. India also needs to be vigilant and take strong measures to deal with any such activities on its side of the border and stop supporting the separatist movements in Pakistan.
3. Increase People-to-People Contact: People-to-people contact between India and Pakistan can help in reducing tensions between the two countries. Increased trade, cultural exchanges, and sports events can help in building trust and reducing animosity between the two nations.
4. Involve the International Community: The international community can play a role in facilitating talks between India and Pakistan. The United Nations and other global organizations can help in bringing the two countries to the negotiating table and in ensuring that there is no escalation of tensions along the border.

In recent times, there have been some positive developments in India-Pakistan relations during Imran Khan Regime. The Kartarpur Corridor, which allows Indian Sikh pilgrims to visit a holy shrine in Pakistan, was opened in 2019, and both countries have been holding talks on various issues. However, there is still a long way to go before the two nations can move towards peaceful coexistence.

In conclusion, India and Pakistan need to take steps towards resolving their differences and moving towards peaceful coexistence. The international community can play a role in facilitating talks between the two nations and ensuring that there is no escalation of tensions along the border.

What steps can be taken to improve India-Pakistan relations?

Steps such as addressing the Kashmir dispute through dialogue and negotiations, and dealing firmly with cross-border terrorism by both countries, can be taken to improve India-Pakistan relations. India and Pakistan have a long history of strained relations, with issues such as territorial disputes, cross-border terrorism, and religious and cultural differences contributing to the tension. However, some steps can be taken by both countries to improve their relationship and move towards peaceful coexistence.

1. Dialogue and Negotiation: One of the most important steps towards improving India-Pakistan relations is to initiate a meaningful dialogue and negotiation process. Both countries need to engage in constructive talks and find ways to resolve their differences. The dialogue can be facilitated by the international community or through bilateral channels.
2. Confidence-Building Measures: Confidence-building measures (CBMs) can be used to reduce tensions and create a more positive atmosphere for dialogue. CBMs can include exchange programs for students, cultural and sporting events, and joint scientific and academic collaborations. These measures can help in promoting mutual understanding and trust between the two nations.
3. Trade and Economic Cooperation: Trade and economic cooperation can be a powerful driver for improving relations between India and Pakistan. Both countries can benefit from increased trade and investment, which can lead to economic growth and job creation. Joint economic projects, such as infrastructure development and energy cooperation, can also contribute to improved relations.
4. People-to-People Contacts: People-to-people contacts can play a vital role in improving India-Pakistan relations. Increased exchange programs for students, journalists, and civil society members can help in building bridges and promoting mutual understanding. Travel restrictions can also be eased to encourage tourism and cultural exchange.
5. Addressing Cross-Border Terrorism: Cross-border terrorism is a significant source of tension between India and Pakistan. Both countries need to take strong action against terrorist groups operating from their soil. A joint mechanism for intelligence-sharing and cooperation can help in preventing terrorist attacks and addressing the root causes of terrorism. India should stop supporting the separatist movements in Pakistan.
6. Resolving the Kashmir Dispute: The Kashmir dispute is a major obstacle to improving India-Pakistan relations. Both countries need to engage in meaningful talks and find a lasting solution to the issue. The international community can also play a role in facilitating the resolution of the dispute.

In conclusion, improving India-Pakistan relations is essential for regional peace and stability. It requires a sustained effort on the part of both countries, as well as the international community. The steps outlined above can help in creating a more positive environment for dialogue and cooperation, and in reducing tensions between the two nations.

Conclusion

In conclusion, India-Pakistan relations have been marked by a long history of conflict and tension. The two countries have fought several wars and engaged in numerous border skirmishes, with the ongoing issue of Kashmir being a major point of contention. Pakistan’s claims and perspectives on various events, including the 1965 war, the 1971 war, the Kargil War, the 2001 Parliament Attack, the 2008 Mumbai Attacks, and the surgical strikes in 2016, have shaped the narrative of the conflict and the ongoing dialogue between the two nations. India should also revise its policy of human rights abuse in Kashmir, and avoid surgical strikes against Pakistan. It should stop supporting and financing the armed groups of separatist movements in Pakistan. However, the underlying issues of political, territorial, and ideological differences continue to pose significant challenges to the development of stable and peaceful relations between India and Pakistan. Despite the many obstacles, there remain opportunities for constructive dialogue and cooperation between the two countries, and the international community can play a role in facilitating such efforts. Ultimately, a resolution to the long-standing conflicts between India and Pakistan is necessary for the prosperity and stability of the region.

*The casualties and losses suffered during different wars, along with the chain of events that preceded them, often display discrepancies across reliable sources. When Pakistani sources claim significant losses, India denies the occurrence of such incidents, leading to conflicting narratives. The primary reason behind these differences is the mutual accusations made by India and Pakistan against each other for the conflict, terrorism, and war.

**The article was updated on February 19th 2023, incorporating the available statistics as of that date.